Best Bachelor's in Technical Teacher Education Programs in 2026
The top 15 out of 17 programs reviewed from the IPEDS database, ranked on graduation rate, affordability, and more. CIP 13.1319.
- In-state tuition typically runs from $5,417 to $14,222 a year, with a median near $10,020.
- 16 of 17 ranked programs sit at public universities, and 7 offer an online or hybrid option.
- Most lead to an initial state teaching license, which means supervised student teaching plus a licensure exam (37 of 52 US jurisdictions use the Praxis series).
- We rank on graduation rate first, then selectivity and affordability, all from federal IPEDS data.
- 1
Auburn University
81score- 82%Grad rate
- $11,016/yrIn-state tuition
- $33,048/yrOut-of-state tuition
- 46%Admit rate
- 27,907Undergrads
- 5Grads/yr
- 1325SAT mid
- Bachelor of Science in Business/Marketing Education
- On-campus
About the programAuburn University's career and technical teacher-education option is a Bachelor of Science in Business/Marketing Education, preparing candidates to teach business and marketing courses in grades 6 through 12. The on-campus program includes a senior-year clinical residency in school settings, and students may earn industry credentials such as Microsoft Office Specialist certification. Graduates are prepared for Alabama teacher licensure. It is a bachelor's degree in technical teacher education at the bachelor's level, based in Alabama.
Why it ranks hereProgram pageWhere it lands is a story about completion first, then selectivity, then cost. Start with the outcome that matters most, 82% of students graduate, top 13% among programs nationwide, which is the biggest reason it sits where it does. A 46% admission rate makes it moderately selective, neither a gatekeeper nor open enrollment. The one drag is price, $11,016 in state, above the national median, so it earns its rank on outcomes rather than affordability. Together, that is one of the strongest profiles on the page.
- 2
Ohio State University-Main Campus
79score- 88%Grad rate
- $12,180/yrIn-state tuition
- $38,958/yrOut-of-state tuition
- 61%Admit rate
- 46,815Undergrads
- 4Grads/yr
- 1395SAT mid
- Bachelor of Science in Education, Technical Education and Training
About the programOhio State's BS in Education, Technical Education and Training, prepares career and technical educators to teach technical and workforce subjects to secondary and adult students in high schools, career centers, community and technical colleges, and correctional and industrial settings. The College of Education and Human Ecology page states the program is no longer accepting new applications, though students who began before Autumn 2026 may continue. It leads to Ohio career and technical education teacher licensure. It is a bachelor's degree in technical teacher education at the bachelor's level, based in Ohio.
Why it ranks hereProgram pageWe rank on the things that actually shape a teaching degree: whether students finish, how hard it is to get in, and the price of admission. Its strongest card is completion: a 88% graduation rate lands it in the top 1% of programs nationwide, and since finishing counts for the most, that does much of the work. A 61% admission rate makes it moderately selective, neither a gatekeeper nor open enrollment. The one drag is price, $12,180 in state, above the national median, so it earns its rank on outcomes rather than affordability. Strong on the measures that matter most, it earns a place near the top.
- 3
Rutgers University-New Brunswick
76score- 84%Grad rate
- $14,222/yrIn-state tuition
- $33,734/yrOut-of-state tuition
- 58%Admit rate
- 37,985Undergrads
- 1Grads/yr
- 1405SAT mid
- On-campus
About the programRutgers University-New Brunswick offers an accelerated route into teaching through a five-year pathway that combines a bachelor's degree with a Master of Education, run by the Graduate School of Education. The design lets students grow into the profession gradually: they build foundational coursework across their first three years, step into graduate study during the senior year, and finish with a master's year that leads to New Jersey initial teacher certification. Specialized tracks in elementary, secondary, and special education let candidates aim their preparation at the setting they hope to teach in. Clinical placements start early and unfold mostly in Middlesex and Somerset County public schools, giving real classroom footing throughout. The program is taught on campus. This program offers a bachelor's degree in technical teacher education in New Jersey.
Why it ranks hereProgram pageWhere it lands is a story about completion first, then selectivity, then cost. Start with the outcome that matters most, 84% of students graduate, top 7% among programs nationwide, which is the biggest reason it sits where it does. A 58% admission rate makes it moderately selective, neither a gatekeeper nor open enrollment. The one drag is price, $14,222 in state, above the national median, so it earns its rank on outcomes rather than affordability. Together, that is one of the strongest profiles on the page.
- 4
University of Arkansas
72score- 71%Grad rate
- $7,896/yrIn-state tuition
- $27,758/yrOut-of-state tuition
- 74%Admit rate
- 28,859Undergrads
- 11Grads/yr
- 1125SAT mid
- Career and Technical Education (CATE), B.S.E.
- On-campus
About the programThe University of Arkansas offers a Bachelor of Science in Education in Career and Technical Education, with concentrations in Business Education, Family and Consumer Sciences Education, and Technology Education. Delivered on campus, the program prepares candidates to teach career and technical subjects in grades 7 through 12. Students complete site-based field experiences, a teaching internship in an off-campus school, and a teaching residency. All three concentrations lead to Arkansas secondary teacher licensure. It is a bachelor's degree in technical teacher education at the bachelor's level, based in Arkansas.
Why it ranks hereProgram pageThe ranking rewards programs that graduate their students, stay at least somewhat selective, and keep tuition reasonable, so here is how this one measures up. Its strongest card is completion: a 71% graduation rate lands it in the top 27% of programs nationwide, and since finishing counts for the most, that does much of the work. A 74% admission rate makes it moderately selective, neither a gatekeeper nor open enrollment. Cost only helps its case: at $7,896 in state, tuition runs below the national median, so students are not paying a premium for those results. Together, that is one of the strongest profiles on the page.
- 5
Oklahoma State University-Main Campus
71score- 68%Grad rate
- $5,417/yrIn-state tuition
- $20,937/yrOut-of-state tuition
- 75%Admit rate
- 22,364Undergrads
- 2Grads/yr
- 1145SAT mid
About the programOklahoma State University offers a bachelor's degree in Technical Teacher Education at its main campus in Stillwater, Oklahoma. This undergraduate program prepares students to teach technical subjects and is delivered on campus. It sits within the university's broader teacher education offerings for students pursuing a career in the classroom. It is a bachelor's degree in technical teacher education at the bachelor's level, based in Oklahoma.
Why it ranks hereProgram pageWhere it lands is a story about completion first, then selectivity, then cost. Start with the outcome that matters most, 68% of students graduate, top 33% among programs nationwide, which is the biggest reason it sits where it does. A 75% admission rate makes it moderately selective, neither a gatekeeper nor open enrollment. Cost only helps its case: at $5,417 in state, tuition runs below the national median, so students are not paying a premium for those results. Together, that is one of the strongest profiles on the page.
- 6
Athens State University
56score- $7,680/yrIn-state tuition
- $15,360/yrOut-of-state tuition
- 2,535Undergrads
- 29Grads/yr
- Technical Education, B.S. - Secondary Instructor Option
- Online
About the programAthens State University's Technical Education Bachelor of Science, Secondary Instructor Option, is designed for people who already have expertise in a technical field and want to teach it, turning hands-on skill into classroom credentials. Offered through Professional Studies in Education, the program leads to a Class B Alabama teaching certificate. Most of it can be completed fully online, with only the field experience and internship requirements handled in person, and traditional and blended formats may also be available for students who prefer them. Because candidates arrive with real occupational experience, the coursework focuses on how to translate that knowledge for learners. Graduates are prepared to teach across settings that value technical instruction, from high schools and post-secondary programs to healthcare, government, business, industry, the military, and non-profit workforce development. This program offers a bachelor's degree in technical teacher education in Alabama.
Why it ranks hereProgram pageThe ranking rewards programs that graduate their students, stay at least somewhat selective, and keep tuition reasonable, so here is how this one measures up. Cost only helps its case: at $7,680 in state, tuition runs below the national median, so students are not paying a premium for those results. On balance it is a well-rounded pick, which is what earns it a spot this high.
- 7
Murray State University
54score- 61%Grad rate
- $8,604/yrIn-state tuition
- $18,540/yrOut-of-state tuition
- 86%Admit rate
- 7,851Undergrads
- 17Grads/yr
- 1055SAT mid
- Career and Technical Education
- Hybrid
About the programMurray State University's Career and Technical Education, Bachelor of Science, lets students prepare to teach practical, career-focused subjects to grades 5 through 12. Candidates commit to one of four specialty tracks, in areas such as Business and Marketing Education, Family and Consumer Sciences Education, and Engineering and Technology Education, alongside an Occupational Based Teacher Education path that carries its own 5-12 certification. The Family and Consumer Sciences Education track adds recognized backing, accredited by CAEP and the Kentucky Department of Education. Delivered in a hybrid format through the Department of Adolescent, Career and Special Education, the program keeps classes small at around ten students and connects learners to the FCCLA student organization. Its Occupation Based Rank 1 path also accepts the state tuition waiver. It is a bachelor's degree in technical teacher education at the bachelor's level, based in Kentucky.
Why it ranks hereProgram pageThree things decide where a program lands on this list: how many students finish, how selective it is, and what it costs. On completion, the heaviest factor, it lands mid-pack among programs nationwide at 61%, solid without being a standout. Admission is close to open access at 86%, so this is a program that bets on teaching students well rather than screening them out. Cost only helps its case: at $8,604 in state, tuition runs below the national median, so students are not paying a premium for those results. No single weakness drags it down, and that consistency lands it in the upper tier.
- 8
University of Kentucky
48score- 71%Grad rate
- $12,109/yrIn-state tuition
- $32,747/yrOut-of-state tuition
- 93%Admit rate
- 25,534Undergrads
- 22Grads/yr
- 1180SAT mid
- Agricultural Education and Advocacy, B.S.
- On-campus
About the programAgriculture, teaching, and advocacy come together in the University of Kentucky's Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Education and Advocacy, offered through the Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment. Students shape the degree around one of three focus areas, in tracks such as Agricultural Teacher Education, Agricultural Service and Advocacy, and Agricultural Industrial Education, so the same foundation can point toward the classroom or the wider industry. Those on the teacher-education focus earn Rank III certification to teach agriculture in grades 5 through 12, having logged more than 200 hours of teaching experience that culminate in the 12-credit AEA 592, with the option to student teach abroad. The roughly 120-credit program is AAQEP accredited and connects to Accelerated Master's Pathways for students who want to keep going. As a bachelor's degree in technical teacher education, it adds to the bachelor's-level technical teacher education options in Kentucky.
Why it ranks hereProgram pageIts rank is built from three numbers: graduation rate, admission rate, and in-state tuition, in that order of weight. Its strongest card is completion: a 71% graduation rate lands it in the top 27% of programs nationwide, and since finishing counts for the most, that does much of the work. Admission is close to open access at 93%, so this is a program that bets on teaching students well rather than screening them out. The one drag is price, $12,109 in state, above the national median, so it earns its rank on outcomes rather than affordability. No single weakness drags it down, and that consistency lands it in the upper tier.
- 9
University of Wisconsin-Stout
48score- 55%Grad rate
- $7,715/yrIn-state tuition
- $16,279/yrOut-of-state tuition
- 88%Admit rate
- 6,136Undergrads
- 16Grads/yr
- 24ACT mid
- Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in Technology Education, Online
- Online
About the programDesigned for people who cannot pause their lives to move to campus, the University of Wisconsin-Stout's fully online Bachelor of Science in Technology Education makes teacher preparation reachable from almost anywhere. Delivered through the School of Education, it offers a licensure pathway toward Wisconsin DPI Technology Education License #1220 for middle and senior high school, plus a non-licensure option for other goals. A practical touch lets students complete technical courses either at UW-Stout or at their nearest technical college, and the plan is built to finish in three years. Licensure candidates still gain hands-on classroom time through pre-student teaching and student teaching placements in technology education settings. The format is especially well suited to those already working under an emergency license who need to complete formal certification. This program offers a bachelor's degree in technical teacher education in Wisconsin.
Why it ranks hereProgram pageWhere it lands is a story about completion first, then selectivity, then cost. On completion, the heaviest factor, it lands mid-pack among programs nationwide at 55%, solid without being a standout. Admission is close to open access at 88%, so this is a program that bets on teaching students well rather than screening them out. Cost only helps its case: at $7,715 in state, tuition runs below the national median, so students are not paying a premium for those results. No single weakness drags it down, and that consistency lands it in the upper tier.
- 10
University of Wyoming
45score- 59%Grad rate
- $5,190/yrIn-state tuition
- $21,600/yrOut-of-state tuition
- 97%Admit rate
- 8,130Undergrads
- 1Grads/yr
- Career and Technical Education
- Online
About the programThe University of Wyoming's Career and Technical Education Bachelor of Applied Science is a distance-delivered degree from the School of Teacher Education, designed for people who already carry real technical and career expertise. Also completable through the Laramie or UW-Casper campuses, it opens eligibility for Wyoming secondary licensure in CTE across content areas such as automotive, business, construction, diesel technology, and computer science. The program is unusually transfer-friendly, welcoming credit from sixty-plus associate degrees offered by the state's seven community colleges and WyoTech, which lets experienced tradespeople convert prior study into progress. A full semester of student teaching anchors the classroom preparation and turns craft knowledge into teaching skill. Students who enter with an associate degree can finish in as little as two years. This program offers a bachelor's degree in technical teacher education in Wyoming.
Why it ranks hereProgram pageIts place on the list comes down to outcomes, selectivity, and price, weighted in that order. On completion, the heaviest factor, it lands mid-pack among programs nationwide at 59%, solid without being a standout. Admission is close to open access at 97%, so this is a program that bets on teaching students well rather than screening them out. Cost only helps its case: at $5,190 in state, tuition runs below the national median, so students are not paying a premium for those results. No single weakness drags it down, and that consistency lands it in the upper tier.
- 11
Northern Arizona University
44score- 61%Grad rate
- $11,378/yrIn-state tuition
- $18,795/yrOut-of-state tuition
- 90%Admit rate
- 22,990Undergrads
- 14Grads/yr
- Career and Technical Education
- Online
About the programBuilt for people who already know a trade and want to teach it, Northern Arizona University's Bachelor of Science in Education in Career and Technical Education delivers all of its CTE requirements online. The degree leads to Arizona CTE certification for secondary, post-secondary, or business and industry educators, and it lets students specialize in areas such as health careers, industrial and emerging technologies, or business and marketing. What sets it apart is how generously it credits real-world experience, since candidates can transfer up to 90 units, earn up to 20 for prior trade work, and claim up to 35 for a passing NOCTI exam or industry certification. Fieldwork comes through an internship, transfer internship credit, or documented occupational experience. An accelerated bachelor-to-master pathway is available through the Department of Educational Specialties for those who want to keep going. It is a bachelor's degree in technical teacher education at the bachelor's level, based in Arizona.
Why it ranks hereProgram pageIts rank is built from three numbers: graduation rate, admission rate, and in-state tuition, in that order of weight. On completion, the heaviest factor, it lands mid-pack among programs nationwide at 61%, solid without being a standout. Admission is close to open access at 90%, so this is a program that bets on teaching students well rather than screening them out. The one drag is price, $11,378 in state, above the national median, so it earns its rank on outcomes rather than affordability. On balance it is a well-rounded pick, which is what earns it a spot this high.
- 12
Eastern Illinois University
38score- 47%Grad rate
- $9,848/yrIn-state tuition
- $12,330/yrOut-of-state tuition
- 65%Admit rate
- 6,785Undergrads
- 4Grads/yr
- 985SAT mid
- Career and Technical Education (Technology Education concentration)
About the programEastern Illinois University's Career and Technical Education Bachelor of Science prepares candidates to teach hands-on subjects to students in grades 5 through 12, with content tracks in business, family and consumer sciences, or technology. The Technology Education concentration is notable for how it bridges two units, drawing technical content from the School of Technology while routing professional preparation through the School of Education. That structure gives students genuine depth in their subject alongside training in how to teach it. Across a program of 120 to 124 semester hours, candidates spend time in schools through classroom experiences embedded in multiple courses. Delivered on campus in Charleston, the degree leads to Illinois licensure for grades 5 through 12. This program offers a bachelor's degree in technical teacher education in Illinois.
Why it ranks hereProgram pageThree things decide where a program lands on this list: how many students finish, how selective it is, and what it costs. The sticking point is completion, the factor we weigh most heavily: at 47% the graduation rate trails the national median, which caps how high it can climb. A 65% admission rate makes it moderately selective, neither a gatekeeper nor open enrollment. Tuition is middle of the road for programs nationwide at $9,848 in state, so cost neither helps nor hurts its standing. No single weakness drags it down, and that consistency lands it in the upper tier.
- 13
Valley City State University
34score- 53%Grad rate
- $6,619/yrIn-state tuition
- $11,583/yrOut-of-state tuition
- 99%Admit rate
- 1,651Undergrads
- 4Grads/yr
- 950SAT mid
- Technology Education
- CAEP-accredited
- Hybrid
About the programValley City State University offers a Bachelor of Science in Education in Technology Education, a CAEP-accredited secondary teacher-licensure degree housed in the Technology and STEM Education Department. The 120-credit program combines 39 general education credits, 40 major credits, and a 32-33 credit professional education sequence, culminating in a 9-credit secondary student teaching placement preceded by a secondary practicum and classroom management course. It is offered on campus and fully online, with shipped STEM Kits for hands-on labs. The program supports North Dakota Technology Education licensure and stacks into VCSU's Master of Education. It is a bachelor's degree in technical teacher education at the bachelor's level, based in North Dakota.
Why it ranks hereProgram pageWe rank on the things that actually shape a teaching degree: whether students finish, how hard it is to get in, and the price of admission. On completion, the heaviest factor, it lands mid-pack among programs nationwide at 53%, solid without being a standout. Admission is close to open access at 99%, so this is a program that bets on teaching students well rather than screening them out. Cost only helps its case: at $6,619 in state, tuition runs below the national median, so students are not paying a premium for those results. On balance it is a well-rounded pick, which is what earns it a spot this high.
- 14
Wilmington University
18score- 20%Grad rate
- $12,570/yrTuition (in or out of state)
- 8,858Undergrads
- 2Grads/yr
- Career and Technical Education, B.S.
About the programWilmington University's Bachelor of Science in Career and Technical Education, offered online through the College of Education and Liberal Arts, prepares candidates to teach trades and vocational subjects in high schools at grades 9 through 12. The program combines comprehensive coursework with student teaching and leads to teacher licensure. This program offers a bachelor's degree in technical teacher education in Delaware.
Why it ranks hereProgram pageIts place on the list comes down to outcomes, selectivity, and price, weighted in that order. The sticking point is completion, the factor we weigh most heavily: at 20% the graduation rate trails the national median, which caps how high it can climb. The one drag is price, $12,570 in state, above the national median, so it earns its rank on outcomes rather than affordability. No single weakness drags it down, and that consistency lands it in the upper tier.
- 15
Ferris State University
12score- 47%Grad rate
- $14,582/yrTuition (in or out of state)
- 91%Admit rate
- 8,991Undergrads
- 1Grads/yr
- 1005SAT mid
About the programFerris State University, a public institution in Big Rapids, Michigan, offers this undergraduate program in technical teacher education. The bachelor's degree prepares students to teach technical subjects. It is part of the university's education offerings, providing the subject knowledge and professional preparation associated with technical instruction at the undergraduate level. It is a bachelor's degree in technical teacher education at the bachelor's level, based in Michigan.
Why it ranks hereProgram pageWe rank on the things that actually shape a teaching degree: whether students finish, how hard it is to get in, and the price of admission. The sticking point is completion, the factor we weigh most heavily: at 47% the graduation rate trails the national median, which caps how high it can climb. Admission is close to open access at 91%, so this is a program that bets on teaching students well rather than screening them out. The one drag is price, $14,582 in state, above the national median, so it earns its rank on outcomes rather than affordability. On balance it is a well-rounded pick, which is what earns it a spot this high.
How we rank
Each program is scored 0 to 100 against the other programs in its specialty: graduation rate (50%), selectivity by admission rate (30%), and affordability by in-state tuition (20%). Scores are percentile-based within the specialty, so they compare like with like. A program missing a field gets the neutral median for it, so it is neither rewarded nor punished. Earnings are intentionally excluded: federal per-school earnings are not yet published for education programs, and the field-level salary figure is identical for every school, so ranking on it would be meaningless. To keep the overall list from being dominated by a single state's public-university system, it shows at most 2 programs per state; the value, affordability, graduation-rate, and selectivity pages rank every program without that limit.
- Graduation rate: 50%
- Selectivity (admission rate): 30%
- Affordability (in-state tuition): 20%
How much a bachelor's in Technical Teacher Education program costs
Published in-state tuition across the 17 ranked bachelor's programs typically runs from $5,417 to $14,222 a year, with a median near $10,020. Most of that spread is public versus private: public universities charge state residents the least, while private colleges set a single sticker price that applies to everyone. 16 of the 17 programs here are public, which is usually where the lowest in-state numbers come from.
Sticker price is rarely what a student pays. Grants and scholarships lower the net cost, and future teachers have aid written specifically for them: the federal TEACH Grant provides up to $4,000 a year to students who agree to teach a high-need subject in a low-income school, and many states add service scholarships and loan-forgiveness programs for people who commit to the classroom. Two costs to watch are out-of-state tuition, which at public schools often runs two to three times the resident rate, and mandatory fees and living expenses, which the tuition figure leaves out entirely.
Sources: tuition and program data from IPEDS; the TEACH Grant from Federal Student Aid.
How to get licensed to teach with a bachelor's in Technical Teacher Education
A bachelor's in Technical Teacher Education program prepares you academically, but teaching in a public school also requires a license issued by the state where you work. Every state runs its own credential, yet the path rhymes almost everywhere. You complete a state-approved preparation program, log supervised field experience that builds to a full term of student teaching, and pass one or more licensure exams, then apply to the state with a background check and, in most places, complete a mentored first year before the license becomes fully clear and renewable.
The exams are where states differ most. 37 of the 52 US jurisdictions use ETS's Praxis series to test basic skills and subject knowledge; the rest run their own, such as California's CBEST and CSET or New York's NYSTCE. A growing number also require a performance assessment like edTPA, in which candidates submit video and written evidence from their own student teaching. The grade-band and subject endorsements on your license, elementary versus a specific secondary subject, are set by the tests you pass and the program you complete.
Because the specifics are decided state by state, where you plan to teach matters as much as where you study. Licenses do not transfer automatically, though most states honor an out-of-state credential through interstate reciprocity, usually with some added coursework or testing. Check your target state's department of education for its exact requirements before you enroll.
Sources: licensure requirements from each state's department of education; the Praxis series from ETS; edTPA; programmatic standards from CAEP.
How does accreditation work in 2026 for a bachelor's in Technical Teacher Education?
Two different things get called accreditation, and only one of them gets you licensed. Institutional accreditation comes first: a regional accreditor such as SACSCOC, the Higher Learning Commission, or the Middle States Commission reviews the whole university, and it is what lets credits transfer and federal financial aid flow. Any college worth considering has it, but on its own it says nothing specific about the quality of the education program.
Program, or programmatic, accreditation is the education-specific layer. The national accreditor is CAEP, the Council for the Accreditation of Educator Preparation, formed in 2013 when the two older bodies, NCATE and TEAC, merged; AAQEP is a newer alternative that a growing number of programs have adopted. A CAEP or AAQEP seal signals that the preparation program has been reviewed against national standards for clinical practice, content knowledge, and candidate outcomes.
The credential that actually licenses you, though, is state program approval. A state only allows its approved programs to recommend graduates for certification, so approval, not a national seal, is what turns your degree into a license, and it is also what makes interstate reciprocity possible. Plenty of strong programs carry state approval without a separate national accreditor, which is common and not a red flag. When you compare options, confirm two things: that the school is regionally accredited, and that the specific program is approved by the state where you intend to teach.
Programmatic accreditor: CAEP. State approval is granted by each state's department of education.
Ways to earn your bachelor's in Technical Teacher Education
A traditional four-year, on-campus bachelor's is the most common route into teaching, and for good reason: the degree leans on in-person field placements that build to a full term of student teaching. That said, 7 of the 17 ranked programs advertise an online or hybrid option, which can suit paraprofessionals and career-changers already working in schools; the clinical hours still take place in a real classroom near you.
You do not have to start at a four-year school. Many students spend their first two years at a community college, earn an associate's, and transfer in, which trims the cost of the early coursework, and statewide articulation agreements often guarantee the credits apply. If you already hold a bachelor's in another field, you can usually skip a second degree entirely and enter through an alternative-certification program or a master's-with-licensure route built for career-changers.
Whatever the format, the non-negotiable is supervised clinical practice. Every licensure-track program includes a student-teaching placement, and some now pair it with a paid, year-long residency alongside a mentor teacher, an increasingly common model that eases the unpaid-semester crunch traditional student teaching can create.
Sources: online and program counts from IPEDS; alternative-certification pathways per the US Department of Education.